The Position and Scope of Authority of the Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP) in Handling Cohabitation Under Article 412 of the National Criminal Code
Keywords:
Satpol PP, cohabitation, Article 412, administrative enforcement, criminal jurisdictionAbstract
The enactment of Article 412 of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code introduces a criminal-law framework governing cohabitation outside marriage and raises questions concerning the authority of regional law-enforcement bodies, particularly the Civil Service Police Unit (Satpol PP). This article examines the scope and limitations of Satpol PP intervention in handling alleged cohabitation, particularly the boundary between administrative and criminal enforcement. Employing a normative juridical method, the study analyses legislation governing Satpol PP, regional government, and criminal law, supported by relevant legal scholarship. The analysis finds that Satpol PP possesses authority to enforce Regional Regulations and Regional Head Regulations and to maintain public order, but such authority remains institutionally confined to the administrative sphere. Article 412 does not independently confer criminal investigative authority upon Satpol PP, particularly because prosecution of the offence is subject to a specific complaint mechanism. The discovery of alleged cohabitation during a lawful public-order operation therefore does not, by itself, authorise Satpol PP to initiate criminal enforcement. Intervention remains permissible where an independent legal basis exists under a Regional Regulation or other applicable legislation within its competence, while criminal investigation and prosecution must remain within the authority and procedures of the criminal justice system. The study concludes that Satpol PP intervention should be assessed through four parameters: legal source, institutional competence, procedural legality, and proportionality. Maintaining these boundaries is essential to preventing administrative enforcement from expanding into criminal jurisdiction while preserving effective regional public-order governance.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Armilda Marsya Eka Windria Ilahude, Suwitno Yutye Imran, Irlan Puluhulawa (Author)
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